Which condition results in the narrowing of blood vessels due to the buildup of fatty deposits?

Atherosclerosis is the condition characterized by the narrowing of blood vessels due to the accumulation of fatty deposits, known as plaques, on the artery walls. These plaques can consist of cholesterol, fat, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. As these plaques build up, they lead to a reduction in blood flow, which can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke. The progressive nature of atherosclerosis often begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which can be caused by factors like high cholesterol, smoking, and high blood pressure.

In contrast, arteritis refers to inflammation of the arteries, which can also cause narrowing but through a different mechanism. Thrombosis involves the formation of a blood clot inside a vessel, which can obstruct blood flow but does not specifically relate to the buildup of fatty deposits. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a condition that may result from various factors including atherosclerosis, but it does not directly describe the buildup of fatty deposits themselves. Thus, atherosclerosis is the only condition among the options that specifically involves the accumulation of fatty materials leading to vessel narrowing.